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Guides for Authors

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Consult MLA Handbook 9th edition. Examples below are from this edition.

In-text Citations

For references inside the article, use parenthetical citations:

  • Work by less than three authors: (Dorris and Erdrich 23)
  • Work by three or more authors: (Burdick et al. 45)
  • Author with more than one work: (Jacobs, The Pleasures [short title] 23)
  • Work published online: (Chan)

Works Cited                       

Be sure to include full bibliographic information for each Works Cited entry, paying special attention to punctuation.

  • Book by less than three authors:Jacobs, Alan. The Pleasures of Reading in an Age of Distraction. Oxford UP, 2011.
  • Book by three or more authors: Burdick, Anne, et al. Digital Humanities. MIT P, 2012.
  • Edited volume by less than three editors: Holland, Merlin, and Rupert Hart-Davis, editors. The Complete Letters of Oscar Wilde. Henry Holt, 2000.
  • Edited volume by three or more editors: Baron, Sabrina Alcorn, et al., editors. Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies after Elizabeth L. Eisenstein. U of Massachusetts P/Center for the Book, Library of Congress, 2007.

Neruda, Pablo. Canto General. Translated by Jack Schmitt, U of California P, 1991.

Njus, Jesse. Performing the Passion: A Study on the Nature of Medieval Acting. 2010. Northwestern U, PhD dissertation.

Dewar, James A., and Peng Hwa Ang. "The Cultural Consequences of Printing and the Internet." Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies after Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, edited by Sabrina Alcorn Baron et al., U of Massachusetts P/Center for the Book, Library of Congress, 2007, pp. 365-77.

Baron, Naomi S. "Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital Communication Media." PMLA, vol. 128, no. l, Jan. 2013, pp. 193-200. 

Atwood, Margaret. “Silencing the Scream.” Boundaries of the Imagination Forum. MLA Annual Convention, 29 Dec. 1993, Royal York Hotel, Toronto.

When using an electronic source form the internet, copy the URL in full from your web browser and omit http:// or https://. Try to provide the DOI or Permalink if possible (including http:// or https://).

Chan, Evans. "Postmodernism and Hong Kong Cinema." Postmodern Culture, vol. 10, no. 3, May 2000. Project Muse, https://doi:10.1353/pmc.2000.0021.

Hollmichel, Stefanie. "The Reading Brain: Differences between Digital and Print." So Many Books, 25 Apr. 2013, somanybooksblog.com/2013/04/25/the-readingbrain-differences-between-digital-and-print/.

If a source such as a film, television episode, or performance has many contributors, include the ones most relevant to your project, stating their role after their name(s).

Kuzui, Fran Rubel, director. Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Twentieth Century Fox, 1992.

Lefevre, Robin, director. Heartbreak House. By George Bernard Shaw, performances by Philip Bosco and Swoosie Kurtz, Roundabout Theatre Company, 1 Oct. 2006, American Airlines Theatre, New York.

“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whendon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, episode 10, Mutant Enemy, 1999.

Chang, Ailsa, host. “Why Scientists Can’t Explain All the Appeal of an Eclipse.” Morning Edition, NPR, 11 Aug. 2017. NPR, www.npr.org/2017/08/11/542753070/scientists-can-t-explain-all-the-appeal-of-an-eclipse, radio program.

"Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Unaired Pilot 1996." YouTube, uploaded by Brian Stowe, 28 Jan. 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=WR3J-v7QXXw, type of medium (SoundCloud, Facebook post).

Endnotes should be restricted to additional non-bibliographic information only and should be typed as text (that is, do not use automatic computer electronic footnote facilities).